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Biological Theory
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- Biological Theories assume that gender and sex are interrelated.
- Nature (biology) is more important than nuture (environment)
- Typical Chromosomes - Male (XY) - Female (XX)
- Atypical Chromosomes - Male (XXY) - Female (XO)
- Empirical Evidence - Money (1974) Bruce / Brenda Case Study
- Male Sex Hormone - Testosterone
- Female Sex Hormone - Oestrogen
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- Nurture is more important than nature
- Gender is a learnt behaviour (4 stages)
- Modelling (observing)
- Imitation (copying)
- Reinforcement (positive or negative)
- Identification (adopting the behaviour of a model)
- Empirical Evidence - Bandura (1965) Bobo Doll
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Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud, 1933)
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Cognitive Theory (Kohlberg, 1966)
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- The parental relationship is important is the development of gender
- During the phallic stage (3 - 5 years) of psychosexual development gender development occurs
- Boys go through the Oedipus Complex (castration anxiety)
- Gilrs go through the Electra Complex (penis envy)
- Children identify with the same sex parent
- Evidence - Little Hans Case Study (Freud, 1909)
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- A child's gender schema changes with age (3 stages)
- Gender Indentity (2 yrs +)
- Gender Stability (3 - 4 yrs)
- Gender Constancy (4 - 7 yrs)
- Empirical Evidence - Damon (1977) - Boy George
- Empirical Evidence - Slaby and Frey (1975)
- Empirical Evidence - Ruble (1981)
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