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The sympathetic branch responds to a stressor and the hypothalamus releases noradrenaline. This stimulates a variety of bodily functions that prepare us for flight or fight e.g. increases the heart rate and strength so that the body has plenty of blood pumped around it ready for sudden action. The parasympathetic branch in the storage and building up of energy for future use e.g. it slows the heart rate. b) (i) Outline one psychological method of stress management (e.g. in creasing hardiness, stress inoculation). (3marks) One psychological method of stress management is increasing hardiness. This was identified by Kobasa. She identified a personality that was resistant to stress. People who have this personality demonstrate the three Cs which are control, commitment and challenge. Kobasa has developed a method for teaching people to be hardy. Give one strength of the method you have outlined in (i). (3 marks) One strength of hardiness is that it teaches people to manage all stressors in their lives, not just a particular problem. You deal with the cause of the stress and not just the problem. This makes teaching hardiness an effective long-term solution to helping people deal with stress. c) Outline and evaluate research (theories and/or studies) into the role played by personality as a source of stress. (18 marks) One study into role played by personality as a source of stress is Friedman and Rosenman (1959). They categorized personality into two types. These were type A and type B. Type A individuals were aggressive and ambitious with a competitive drive. Type B was the complete opposite. To find out whether coronary heart disease was linked to type A personality Friedman and Rosenman set up the Western Collaborative Study. They examined 3000 men aged 39 to 59 in California for signs of CHD and their personalities were assessed using a structured interview that had 25 questions concerning how the person coped with everyday pressures. The sample wasn’t very representative as it was gender biased as only men were interviewed and assessed, so it doesn’t represent both genders equally. There could be other factors that affect CHD, for example, there could be a family history of the disease and therefore stress really wouldn’t play a part. The sample of people all came from the same place so it doesn’t represent people from all over the world. However, the study does look at real people lives and behaviour and so has high ecological validity. Using structured interviews maybe unreliable as people don’t always tell the truth. 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