аЯрЁБс>ўџ .0ўџџџ-џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС7 №ПДbjbjUU .(7|7|Дџџџџџџl@@@@@@@T TB њFFFFFFFFС У У У У У У $< \€ч @FFFFFч ~@@FFќ ~~~F‚@F@FС ~FС ~Ж~4a @@­ F: аd&1?ФTОШFy ­  0B  ,мpм­ ~TT@@@@йStress Exam Answer: Grade A a) Outline two ways in which the body responds to stress. (6 marks) The body responds to stress in the short-term by activating the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system (SAM). Here, the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system sends messages via neurotransmitters to the adrenal gland. These messages activate the adrenal medulla, which releases adrenaline, this in turn constricts blood vessels and increases heart rate. Noradrenaline is also released, which triggers the liver to increase blood sugar levels in the body. A long-term response to stress is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Here, in the endocrine system, the hypothalamus directs the pituitary gland to release a stress hormone called ACTH. This in turn, acts on the adrenal cortex, which is stimulated to release long-term stress hormones such as cortizol. These hormones help to increase the body’s energy level over a longer period of time. b) (i) Outline one psychological method of stress management (e.g. in creasing hardiness, stress inoculation). (3marks) Stress inoculation is a cognitive strategy developed my Meichenbaum (1977). Stress is managed by learning techniques that make you resistant to it (i.e. to become inoculated). This involves three phases: Firstly, identifying sources of stress and considering your usual coping mechanisms; secondly, learning skills (skill acquisition) for dealing with stressful situations e.g. creating a list of coping statements such as ‘ I can develop a plan to deal with this!’ Finally, to try out new perceptions and skills for coping with stress, evaluating how well you’ve done and giving yourself credit for improvement (self-reinforcement). Give one strength of the method you have outlined in (i). (3 marks) Stress inoculation therapy does not have any undesirable side effects that might be encountered with drug treatments. Because it is a psychological approach that aims to get to the cause of the problem, and not just to treat the symptoms, there is no risk of addiction, withdrawal symptoms or other unpleasant side effects. c) Outline and evaluate research (theories and/or studies) into the role played by personality as a source of stress. (18 marks) Friedman and Rosenman (1974) identified two types of personality that relate to individual responses to stress – type A and type B. Type A personalities are said to be impatient, competitive, ambitious, aggressive, find it hard to relax and have a ‘chronic sense of time urgency’. In contrast, type B personalities are the opposite, being less driven, more easy-going, patient and able to relax. As doctors, Friedman and Rosenman noticed that people with Type A personalities were more prone to heart attacks and coronary heart disease. In order to test this hypothesis scientifically they conducted a longitudinal research project called the Western Collaborative study. They examined 3500 healthy middle-aged men from California. Over a period of 8 1(2 years they assessed the lifestyle and health of these participants using structured interviews and medical examinations. By the end of the study 70% of the men who had developed coronary heart disease (CHD) were type A personalities – twice the number of those with type B personality. Friedman and Rosenman concluded that type A behaviour significantly increased the risk of coronary heat disease. One advantage of the Western Collaborative Study lies in it being longitudinal. It tracked men who were originally healthy and developed CHD during the study rather than using retrospective data (such as questionnaires and interviews) which is less reliable as it depends on human memory, which can get distorted over time. Another strength of the study is sample size. Using 3500 men meant that a significant number went on to develop CHD (over 250), which helps to provide a more representative set of results. However, the sample can also be criticised for being narrow. All the participants were middle-aged men from California. It is important to cautious about generalising from this sample, as it doesn’t represent women or people from other cultures. This sample may have been more prone to CHD, perhaps though living in a more stressful culture or having a specific diet. This point also raises the question of lifestyle factors. Although some life-style factors such as diet and smoking were controlled in the study, not all were. For example, Kobasa has demonstrated that hardy personalities who show high level of commitment, challenge and control are resistant to stress. It is quite possible that many type A personalities also have these qualities and could be described as hardy. This variable wasn’t controlled. Furthermore, the finding is a correlation and cannot prove a cause and effect relationship between type A personality and stress. The majority of men in the study, many of whom would be classed as type A, did not develop CHD. Also some ‘type B’ participants did develop CHD, so it is important to acknowledge that there are many potential causes and the relationship between personality and stress related disorders should not be over-simplified. Later studies have found that it is hostility rather than a wider range of type A behaviours that is a better predictor of heart disease (Barefoot et al. 1989). It is also worth noting that type A and type B perhaps better describe a way of behaving rather than personality itself. Many psychologists disagree on what personality actually is. (,W`b4ХЦил8@AН Т Х ј   H s y О Ш Щ КЛвиДёшншвшЭЪЭшншвшЭшншвшЭшншвшЭТЭМЭ 6OJQJ j/№OJQJCJOJQJ6B*OJQJphџ5B*OJQJphџB*OJQJphџ5>*B*CJ OJQJphџab34ХЦABМ Н ј   G H Щ Ъ мM’њњѕѕѕ№ѕыѕоѕ№ѕжЩѕѕ№№ѕѕѕѕѕ $„G„Y^„G`„Ya$$ & Fa$ $„ „`њ^„ `„`њa$$a$$a$$a$$a$Д§њ€?—˜™š›œžŸ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌ­ЎЏАњѕњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњњ$a$$a$АБВГДњњњњ$a$,1hА‚. АЦA!А"А# $ %ААФАФ Ф i8@ёџ8 NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH 0`0 Heading 1$@&aJ<A@ђџЁ< Default Paragraph Font*B`ђ* Body TextaJ:P`: Body Text 2CJOJQJaJД(џџџџab34ХЦABМНјGHЩЪм M ’њ€?—˜™š›œžŸ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌ­ЎЏАБВГЖ0€€˜0€˜0€˜0€˜0€˜0€˜0€˜0€0€€˜0€Ц˜0€Ц˜0€Ц˜ 0€Ц˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ДњАДДЖПЮлemЬЭz…ѓєзпo w щ ё msЖ‚ЬЭТЮЛ У 6=Ж33333ћћ  ММННїјHHГЖџџPhillmojNF:\My Documents\PsYonline\Exam Answers from Teachers\Stress\Stress Grade A.doc1tigŒнpёџџџџџџџџџ„Џ„ШћЦЏ^„Џ`„Шћo(()€„Џ„˜ўЦЏ^„Џ`„˜ў.‚„„LџЦ^„`„Lџ.€„O „˜ўЦO ^„O `„˜ў.€„„˜ўЦ^„`„˜ў.‚„я„LџЦя^„я`„Lџ.€„П„˜ўЦП^„П`„˜ў.€„„˜ўЦ^„`„˜ў.‚„_„LџЦ_^„_`„Lџ.1tigџџџџџџџџиЬГ        ГЖнџ@€‘‘$а‘‘ДP@џџUnknownџџџџџџџџџџџџG‡z €џTimes New Roman5€Symbol3& ‡z €џArialCF‡ŸComic Sans MS"qˆ№аhgЋ…ІjЋ…І#х &!№ ДД20љј2ƒQ№џџStress Exam Answer: Grade APhillmojPhillmojўџр…ŸђљOhЋ‘+'Гй0А˜МШxмшј  4 @ LX`hpфStress Exam Answer: Grade Atre Phillmojam hilNormalj Phillmojam 1ilMicrosoft Word 9.0 @вIk@J%—0?Ф@o1?Ф#х.AQA(A) Psychology Stress Exam Answer: Grade AўџеЭеœ.“—+,љЎ0  hp„Œ”œ ЄЌДМ Ф ьф EdgeHilla& љ  Stress Exam Answer: Grade A Title ўџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ&'()*+,ўџџџ§џџџ/ўџџџўџџџ2ўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџRoot Entryџџџџџџџџ РF@\: |Ч1€1TableџџџџџџџџџџџџWordDocumentџџџџџџџџ.(SummaryInformation(џџџџрDocumentSummaryInformation8џџџџџџџџџџџџ%CompObjџџџџjObjectPoolџџџџџџџџџџџџС3&1?ФС3&1?Фџџџџџџџџџџџџўџџџ ўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўџ џџџџ РFMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8є9Вqўџр…ŸђљOhЋ‘+'Гй0А˜МШxмшј  4 @ LX`hpфStress Exam Answer: Grade Atre Phillmojam hilNormalj Phillmojam 1ilMicrosoft Word 9.0 @вIk@J%—0?Ф@o1?Ф#х.AQA(A) Psychology Stress Exam Answer: Grade A