аЯрЁБс>ўџ 8:ўџџџ7џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСq` №П4bjbjqPqP 4$::є?џџџџџџЄфффј| | | | ˆ јЖА А А А А sssŽ$Хh-bДфZйšsZZДА А )ЩBBBZX А фА ŽBZŽBBЄ@фBА Є 03{I8ЛФ| ВLBb,п0Bў4BфB shлJB%<aљsssДД2sssZZZZјјј„| јјј| јјјџџџџ GRADE A EXAMPLE “Eye witness testimony differs from many other aspects of memory in that  accuracy is of much greater importance.” Consider what psychological research has told us about the accuracy of eye witness testimony. (18 marks)  (May 2002 Paper)  This is a good beginning simply because it sets out basic assumption about the quote used. If eye witness testimony is to be of any value then it must be accurate. Some Psychologists argue that this is not possible because when we use memory we are reconstructing past events. Bartlett in his work ‘War of the Ghosts’ showed that people change events to make them fit into a schema which reflects there own experiences. Bartlett however has been criticized due to the poor control exercised in his study. Later Psychologists have found that people do recall information more accurately if they are told that accuracy is important. A leading researcher in the field of eye witness testimony is Elizabeth Loftus. She showed how participants are able to be influenced by events which can be misleading. In one experiment she showed slides of events leading up to a car crash to participants. Loftus followed this up by asking them questions about the events, some questions were deliberately misleading. Some participants were asked ‘did you see a broken headlamp’? Whilst others were asked ‘did you see the broken headlamp’? There were significant differences in the numbers recalling the broken headlamp in spite of the fact that no headlamps were actually broken. The inference drawn from this was that the language used provoked a false memory in some participants. This work however can be criticised because it tended to focus memory on relatively minor or unimportant details. Frazzetti showed that it was much more difficult to distort an eye witnesses memory by attempting to misinform them about key events. Loftus pursued the idea of language use further when she asked participants to estimate the speed two cars were travelling at when they crashed into each other. She asked different groups the same question simply altering the emotive value of the verb. For example ‘how fast were the cars travelling, when they hit each other and how fast were the cars travelling when they smashed into each other?’ Again she found significant differences in the estimated speed given when the more emotive verb was used. The major criticism was that it was a laboratory experiment, lacking therefore the emotional realism of a real activity. This point was made by Yuillis and Cutshall examining a real crime in Vancouver, Canada they found that eye witnesses had clear pictures of what had occurred. Even six months after the event, in spite of the researchers asking leading questions. The conclusions drawn must be that accurate eye witness testimony is related to emotional states. This is a point of view supported by many researchers, Brown and Kalik with their view on flashbulb memory and Johnson’s work on high stress condition and low stress condition research. In conclusion it must be said that the accuracy of any eye witness testimony is subject to controversy. The research shows that accuracy can be affected by the types of questions posed. Hence the need for the police not to use leading question and the development of the police cognitive style interview. On the other hand Yuillis and Cutshall showed in their work that the emotional event witnessed affected the accuracy of recall. Generally speaking the greater level of emotional event the greater the accuracy of the witness. Whilst the quote in the question may well be true achieving that accuracy is dependent upon many factors. I would favour emotional events witnessed over emotional language used after the event to illicit a response.  Conclusions draw the arguments together. Refer back to the question, good AO2 An alternative view being put forward with at good AO2. Here we see the claims of the previous paragraph being reinforced and criticisms made. 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